Leaky Gut Syndrome:
A Modern Epidemic with an Ancient Solution?
by Douglas A. Wyatt
A Modern Epidemic with an Ancient Solution?
by Douglas A. Wyatt
Published
in the Townsend Letter for Doctors (this is an abbreviated version)
One hundred million Americans
suffer from chronic pain, which equates to about half of the adult population.1
These are frightening statistics,
but what's even more frightening is that the majority of these same people are
suffering from chronic diseases caused by leaky gut syndrome.
Taking pain medication, whether
over-the-counter NSAIDs or prescription drugs, has unwittingly condemned them
to an existence with leaky gut and all of its ramifications.
Compounding the problem is the
prolific and unnecessary use of antibiotics, which led to the creation of
"superbugs," antibiotic-resistant pathogens populating the gastrointestinal
tracts of the naïve.
This deadly combination of pain
medications and antibiotic abuse has created a public health crisis, the likes
of which physicians are certainly ill prepared to treat and definitely unable
to diagnose responsibly.
That's the bad news about leaky gut syndrome.
The good news is that we do have a solution, one that has been
around long before penicillin was discovered by Sir Alexander Fleming in 1928
and before Felix Hoffmann first synthesized aspirin for Bayer in 1897. In fact,
we have not scientist nor medical doctor nor herbalist but Mother Nature to
thank for this amazing gift.
This magical, first food of life
for humans and all mammals is colostrum, and it's been around since the
beginning of mammalian life on this planet.
I discovered bovine colostrum for my ailing wife more than two and a half decades ago. My wife suffered with no functional immune system after having her thymus gland irradiated as a child. This was common practice in the 1950s, and it demonstrated to me just how important the human immune system is to our healthy existence and just how little physicians really understand about it.
I discovered bovine colostrum for my ailing wife more than two and a half decades ago. My wife suffered with no functional immune system after having her thymus gland irradiated as a child. This was common practice in the 1950s, and it demonstrated to me just how important the human immune system is to our healthy existence and just how little physicians really understand about it.
Thanks to a colleague who was a
naturopathic physician, bovine colostrum turned my wife's life around
completely. No longer faced with the absolute certainty of her death, I have
vigorously pursued research to reintroduce this biologic nutraceutical back
into human use ever since.
Hippocrates said that all disease begins in the gut.
Hippocrates said that all disease begins in the gut.
Modern medicine is beginning to
understand and accept the concept of immune and gastrointestinal health's being
interdependent, yet the majority of practitioners are still in the dark about
colostrum.
What is Leaky Gut Syndrome?
The term leaky gut syndrome, or leaky gut, identifies an increasingly pervasive health disorder in which the lining of the small intestine is more permeable than it should be and becomes subject to inflammation by various irritants.
The term leaky gut syndrome, or leaky gut, identifies an increasingly pervasive health disorder in which the lining of the small intestine is more permeable than it should be and becomes subject to inflammation by various irritants.
The abnormally large spaces allow
entry of toxic material into the bloodstream that would, in healthier
circumstances, be repelled and eliminated.
The gut becomes "leaky"
in the sense that bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites and their toxins, and
undigested foods such as proteins, nerve and connective tissue, fat, and waste
normally not absorbed into the bloodstream in the healthy state pass through a
damaged, hyper-permeable, porous, or leaky gut.
When these foreign substances
enter the bloodstream, the immune system goes into reaction mode and begins
creating antibodies against its own tissues.
Chronic overstimulation of the
immune system leads to chronic inflammation and disease.
All newborn mammals have holes in the stomach and small intestines, by design, so that colostrum can freely enter the bloodstream. Every antibody produced against every pathogen the mother has encountered in her lifetime, and her own mother's lifetime, is transferred to her offspring.
All newborn mammals have holes in the stomach and small intestines, by design, so that colostrum can freely enter the bloodstream. Every antibody produced against every pathogen the mother has encountered in her lifetime, and her own mother's lifetime, is transferred to her offspring.
Humans receive some passive
immunity in the womb, yet the transfer continues with early and extended breast-feeding.
Colostrum also contains the
epithelial and epidermal growth factors that close the holes within two days
after birth, such that the infant no longer has a leaky gut.
Without a doubt, this underscores
the importance of breast-feeding; and for me, it was the foundation of my
hypothesis that if colostrum can heal leaky gut in a 2-day-old infant, surely
it can do the same for an 80-year-old adult.
To further test my hypothesis, I instituted animal trials with pigs. In a double-blind study, we proved that bovine colostrum not only prevented GI damage caused by excess stomach acids but also healed existing damage.3
To further test my hypothesis, I instituted animal trials with pigs. In a double-blind study, we proved that bovine colostrum not only prevented GI damage caused by excess stomach acids but also healed existing damage.3
Additionally, the colostrum-fed
pigs had a 20% increase in the surface area of the small intestine as measured
by villus height.
This correlated to an improvement
in the nutritional absorption of beneficial and critical nutrition. Not only
did the pigs grow faster and healthier, they had more lean muscle mass and less
fat and there was no need for farmers to use antibiotics. This study was a
model for ulcers in humans, and the remarkable results led to the undertaking
of human trials.
The Scourge of Pain Medications
and Antibiotics
We know that prescription pain medications, not just the OTC variety, cause bleeding and holes in the stomach and in the intestinal lining.
We know that prescription pain medications, not just the OTC variety, cause bleeding and holes in the stomach and in the intestinal lining.
We know that the risk of death in
people taking NSAIDs for more than two months is 1 in 1200.9
We also know that abdominal pain
is the most common GI symptom that prompts a clinic visit, and in an effort to
relieve that pain, physicians prescribe steroids which further exacerbate the
destruction of GI tissue.10
We know that 100 million people
are taking pain medications for extended periods, whether they obtain them
through legal or illegal means. That's half of all adults in the US, and so I'm
confident that we can say that a minimum of 100 million people have leaky gut
syndrome.
There's no consumer warning label
on OTC pain relievers that says "Extended use causes leaky gut
syndrome." Medical schools aren't teaching physicians about the GI dangers
of chronic use of pain medications, so when doctors write a prescription for
pain meds, they're unaware that they're writing a prescription for leaky gut
syndrome.
Sadly, it's a case of a little
knowledge being a lot dangerous.
Pain medication is the most utilized drug category in the US and also the most abused, followed closely by GI drugs. It's not surprising at all, since the two are interconnected in a vicious cycle of leaky gut syndrome.
Pain medication is the most utilized drug category in the US and also the most abused, followed closely by GI drugs. It's not surprising at all, since the two are interconnected in a vicious cycle of leaky gut syndrome.
The first creates the problem,
and the second masks and exacerbates the problem. So what really needs to be
done to stop this epidemic is for physicians and medical practitioners to
offset the effects of the flawed rational and flawed treatment of the past.
The Hippocratic oath first says,
"Do no harm." How can prescribing drugs that create more harm to the
gastrointestinal tract possibly provide no harm?
We also know that nearly 80% of all pathogens enter the body through or attached to mucosal surfaces, the largest of which is the gastrointestinal tract.
We also know that nearly 80% of all pathogens enter the body through or attached to mucosal surfaces, the largest of which is the gastrointestinal tract.
We know that people are bringing
infections into hospitals, and others with compromised immune systems are
taking them home.
We know that many patients are
discharged from the hospital sicker than when they entered and often dying
later.
Approximately 125,000 Americans
die annually from hospital-acquired, gut-based infections, of which Clostridium difficile (C. diff.)
and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
are the most prevalent and most difficult to treat.
Consumers and some physicians are
ignorant to the damage that antibiotics cause in the gastrointestinal tract.
Prescribing antibiotics for gut-based pathogens creates more problems than it
solves; it destroys both good and bad bacteria and leaves the strong and
drug-resistant bacteria behind to colonize and exacerbate leaky gut syndrome.
The bacterial toxins seep through
the permeable gut lining and get into the bloodstream, so what was once a gut
infection now becomes a systemic infection, often with deadly consequences.
Leaky gut can also create chronic
diarrhea, which reduces a patient's ability to fight infections and depletes
the body of essential nutrients and fluids.
Similar to what we observe in
HIV/AIDS patients, chronic diarrhea leads to a wasting process because the
body's immune system is essentially overrun and unable to do its normal job.
Further complicating the problem is the pervasive use of antibiotics in livestock production, for which there is no justifiable use in healthy animals. The antibiotics enter the food in the animal products that we eat and enter water supply from farm run-off and fertilizers applied to crops.13 Human consumption becomes unintentional and unavoidable.
Further complicating the problem is the pervasive use of antibiotics in livestock production, for which there is no justifiable use in healthy animals. The antibiotics enter the food in the animal products that we eat and enter water supply from farm run-off and fertilizers applied to crops.13 Human consumption becomes unintentional and unavoidable.
Additionally, with prescription and OTC
analgesics being some of the most frequently used drugs, these along with
antibiotics, antidepressants, antihypertensives, and others end up in
downstream water feeding our local municipalities.14 Infectious
disease experts from the US and around the world agree, "We've reached the
end of antibiotics, period." (Arjun Srinivasan, MD, associate director at
CDC).15
The Causes of Leaky
Gut Syndrome and the Development of Autoimmune Diseases
Even if everyone was breast-fed as infants, poor lifestyle choices can increase intestinal permeability later in life.
Even if everyone was breast-fed as infants, poor lifestyle choices can increase intestinal permeability later in life.
Extended use of pain medications
and repeated courses of antibiotics are the major self-inflicted insults that
cause leaky gut syndrome.
Other triggers of leaky gut
syndrome include parasites, corticosteroids; birth control pills; GMOs;
pesticide-contaminated foods; molds, yeast, and bacteria; an excessive intake
of refined sugars, caffeine, alcohol, or food additives; surgery; and a
decrease in blood supply to the bowel.
Although the damage may not be
obvious at first and take many years to develop, the major health consequences
outside of GI pathogens are autoimmune diseases.
Doctors and patients have been
slow to make the connection. As the incidence of leaky gut syndrome increased,
the incidence of autoimmune diseases skyrocketed, and patients with leaky gut
syndrome frequently have multiple autoimmune diseases.
Five to 8% of Americans has 1 of
80 autoimmune diseases recognized by the National Institutes of Health.16 Yet leaky gut syndrome as a diagnosis
remains overlooked.
The current standard of care
paradigm is to treat the symptoms of disease, not the cause of disease, but
reversing this paradigm and healing leaky gut syndrome would prevent, reverse,
or delay disease.
Leaky gut syndrome is directly associated with many autoimmune diseases, including allergies, alopecia areata, Alzheimer's disease, autism, chronic fatigue syndrome, Crohn's disease, depression, diabetes, fibromyalgia, food allergies and sensitivities, heart disease, HIV/AIDS, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, polymyalgia rheumatica, Raynaud's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, Sjögren's syndrome, ulcerative colitis, and vasculitis.17-27
Leaky gut syndrome is directly associated with many autoimmune diseases, including allergies, alopecia areata, Alzheimer's disease, autism, chronic fatigue syndrome, Crohn's disease, depression, diabetes, fibromyalgia, food allergies and sensitivities, heart disease, HIV/AIDS, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, polymyalgia rheumatica, Raynaud's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, Sjögren's syndrome, ulcerative colitis, and vasculitis.17-27
The connection between leaky gut
syndrome and these autoimmune conditions is the antibodies created by the body
in response to the toxic substances and undigested fats and proteins that leak
into the bloodstream and attach themselves to various tissues throughout the
body, create an allergic response, trigger the destruction of tissues and
organs, and create inflammation.
As toxicity increases,
autoantibodies are created, and the destruction and inflammation become
chronic.
There is a tipping point at which
the body cannot recover from chronic inflammation, and pathological diagnosis
follows. The specific type of autoimmune disease that develops depends on the
predominant location of the inflammation. When inflammation occurs in a joint,
rheumatoid arthritis can develop; in the brain, chronic fatigue syndrome
(myalgic encephalomyelitis) may be the result; in the blood vessels, vasculitis
may be the resulting condition; within the gums, periodontal disease can
result; or in the lungs, asthma may be triggered.
If the antibodies attack the
lining of the gut itself, the result may be irritable bowel syndrome,
ulcerative colitis, or Crohn's disease.
If the bacteria that cause
gingivitis enter the bloodstream and attack the arterial walls, causing
inflammation and cholesterol deposition, heart disease and stroke may ensue.
As a secondary consequence, inflammation in the gut damages the body's ability to produce IgA, and without IgA, pathogens can escape into the bloodstream and infect any part of the body. This leads to an increase in infections, an overstimulated immune system, and an abundance of pathogens infecting the liver, thereby creating detoxification failure.
As a secondary consequence, inflammation in the gut damages the body's ability to produce IgA, and without IgA, pathogens can escape into the bloodstream and infect any part of the body. This leads to an increase in infections, an overstimulated immune system, and an abundance of pathogens infecting the liver, thereby creating detoxification failure.
Eventually, patients suffer from
loss of concentration, impaired mental abilities, decreased energy, and skin
infections and irritations, such as hives or acne, as the skin organ attempts
to detoxify that which the liver is failing to provide.28
Colostrum to the
Rescue
The "superbugs" created by decades of antibiotic misuse and our overreliance and addictions to pain medications need not be our undoing.29,30
The "superbugs" created by decades of antibiotic misuse and our overreliance and addictions to pain medications need not be our undoing.29,30
Mother Nature's gift of colostrum
is just waiting to be rediscovered.
Colostrum was designed to prevent
infections originating in the bowel, to close the leaky gut, and to prevent
opportunistic infections from taking over and causing or exacerbating leaky gut
syndrome.
For individuals who already have
an autoimmune disease, colostrum is absolutely essential to the healing
process.
Unless a permeable gut is healed,
the body cannot begin to repair the damage caused by inflammation.
As healing begins, the amount of
toxins dumped into the bloodstream will decline, nutritional uptake will
improve, the cells will have better access to the fuel that they need to for
repair and replication, organ function will improve, and energy levels will
rise.
And unlike the so-called wonder
drugs of the pharmaceutical industry, absolutely no harm comes from colostrum.31 It has no known side effects and has
no known interactions with drugs.
Colostrum has been proved in both
animal and human trials to prevent and heal leaky gut syndrome, and it's the
only substance conclusively proven to provide this kind of result.
Food elimination and herbal
products can't do the job because they don't contain the antibodies,
immunoglobulins, and growth factors necessary to heal the gut lining and
provide the nutrition and hormones for cell repair, growth, and differentiation.
According to the book of Sirach,
colostrum is ranked alongside wheat, honey, salt, water, fire, and iron as
being some of the ancient "necessities of life."32
In modern society, bovine
colostrum is the "necessity of life" for healing every chronic
disease.
Bovine colostrum is effective against a wide range of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and protozoan parasites, that cause diarrhea and other gastrointestinal illnesses. 33-36
Bovine colostrum is effective against a wide range of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and protozoan parasites, that cause diarrhea and other gastrointestinal illnesses. 33-36
Even in the worst case of AIDS,
colostrum could eliminate chronic diarrhea so that nutritional uptake was
restored and patients could reverse their wasting disease and regain a
significant measure of health.
If this is any indicator of how
well colostrum could work, from the occasional tummy bug that someone got at
the local eatery to the C. diff that they picked up in the hospital,
then we have cause to celebrate.
And with the CDC reporting that 2
million Americans become infected with antibiotic-resistant bacteria annually,
practitioners must advocate strongly for colostrum use.37
Colostrum's antimicrobial and antiviral activity is due to its antibodies, lactoferrin, lactoperoxidase, lysozyme, and other immune factors which bind to pathogens and destroy their cell membranes or compete for binding sites on the intestinal wall.38,39
Colostrum's antimicrobial and antiviral activity is due to its antibodies, lactoferrin, lactoperoxidase, lysozyme, and other immune factors which bind to pathogens and destroy their cell membranes or compete for binding sites on the intestinal wall.38,39
More good news, and the reason is
that cows acquire their immunity from pathogens in the grasses that they eat
and from the infected people whom they come in contact with, in addition to all
the passive immunity that they received from their maternal lineage. This
broad-spectrum defense is what makes colostrum so beneficial for human use.
I've been working with physicians
for over two decades in leaky gut and gastrointestinal health with phenomenal
results. I've had some very significant reports from patients and physicians
testifying to remission and restoration of damaged tissue in multiple
sclerosis, fibromyalgia, scleroderma, and Alzheimer's disease.
We believe this to be the result
of the healing of leaky gut syndrome and the ability of colostrum's growth
factors to help repair damaged tissue and organs.
I
recommend that physicians put their chronically ill patients – anyone with
allergies, food sensitivities, autoimmune diseases, immune problems, cancer,
heart disease, and so on – on colostrum as a first mode of treatment.
I also suggest a gluten-free diet
because gluten coats the villi in the small intestine, thereby trapping any
pathogens in the infected area of the bowel. Colostrum can't destroy the
pathogens if it can't reach them.
The bowel needs to be reseeded
with probiotics, and again colostrum is needed for the good bacteria to
colonize. If leaky gut was the result of parasites, an antiparasitic cleanse is
necessary, as colostrum does not destroy parasites.
Physicians with gluten-sensitive patients are particularly interested in colostrum.
Physicians with gluten-sensitive patients are particularly interested in colostrum.
The Institute for Responsible
Technology just came out with a report that confirms what I've believed for a
long time. GMO foods are linked to leaky gut syndrome and may also trigger or
exacerbate gluten-related disorders, including celiac disease.42
Of the nine GMO food crops grown
for human consumption containing high levels of Bt toxin, corn and corn oil are
most widely consumed in the US and Mexico.
The Bt toxin was designed to
puncture holes in insects' digestive tracts, and studies have demonstrated this
in human cells as well.43 Bt
toxin may be related to leaky gut syndrome, and as a whole, GM foods may be
contributing to the rise in gluten sensitivity.
"Colostrum is the ideal solution for leaky gut syndrome. Its components prevent and heal GI damage. Unless the gut is healed, the body cannot begin the process of repair" (Donald Henderson, MD, MPH, UCLA professor of medicine).30
"Colostrum is the ideal solution for leaky gut syndrome. Its components prevent and heal GI damage. Unless the gut is healed, the body cannot begin the process of repair" (Donald Henderson, MD, MPH, UCLA professor of medicine).30
If you heal the gut, stop the
crossover of toxins, and detoxify the body, then you're going to see a starting
point from which you can begin eliminating multiple symptoms and narrowing down
a process and a pathway to wellness.
Results are typically achieved
within 30 days, and regular use is required to maintain benefits.
Common practice dictates that practitioners perform allergy/food sensitivity tests and recommend a food elimination program to heal leaky gut. Foods are not the cause of leaky gut. They're the symptom of leaky gut.
Common practice dictates that practitioners perform allergy/food sensitivity tests and recommend a food elimination program to heal leaky gut. Foods are not the cause of leaky gut. They're the symptom of leaky gut.
That is the proof that leaky gut
exists, and I believe that every patient who walks through your door with a
chronic disease complaint has leaky gut syndrome.
If you haven't put colostrum into
your practice, or you have put colostrum in your practice before and you didn't
get results, you really need to take a look at the fact that not all colostrum
on the market is equal.
Not all colostrum is processed to
ensure the bioactivity of the beneficial components. And if they're not
bioactive, they're not going to provide the kind of results that I'm talking
about in this article.
Conclusion
Often misunderstood and nearly always undiagnosed, leaky gut syndrome has become an epidemic in modern times, as evidenced by the epidemic of allergies and chronic diseases.
Often misunderstood and nearly always undiagnosed, leaky gut syndrome has become an epidemic in modern times, as evidenced by the epidemic of allergies and chronic diseases.
The more public attention given
to the overuse and abuse of pain medications and antibiotics is sure to drive
home the message that physicians need a paradigm shift in treatment of
chronically ill patients.
When Hippocrates said that all
disease begins in the gut, he was far ahead of his time. After 2000 years, we
are just beginning to understand and accept this premise in modern medicine.
If we understand and appreciate
colostrum for the true gift that it is, we can utilize it for the healing and prevention
of gastrointestinal distress and therefore, chronic toxicity; and in doing so,
we will dramatically increase quality of life and reduce unnecessary death and
disability.
Douglas Wyatt is dedicated to developing natural products that provide the public with the best solutions for optimal health. Doug is a leader in the research and a proponent of colostrum's unique and powerful healing components that show incredible promise for turning the tide on the prevention and treatment of the world's increasing chronic disease endemic.
As a publisher, author, writer, scientist, and public speaker, Doug has appeared nationwide on television and radio shows and at health conventions worldwide. He is dedicated to the prevention of chronic disease through natural nutritional intervention and is working with the WHO (World Health Organization) and other internationally recognized research organizations on clinical trials on HIV/AIDS other infectious disease, autoimmune disease, and bowel health issues.
Notes
1. Foreman J. why women are living in the discomfort zone. Wall Street Journal. January 31, 2014.
2. Heinerman J. Fascinating colostrum: an ancient food for modern times [blog entry]. Center for Nutritional Research. http://www.icnr.org/blog/13-home-page/43-fascinating-colostrum-an-ancient-food-for-modern-times. Accessed January 31, 2014. (Editor note: Bad link July 2014)
3. Borissenko M. Malaysia colostrum piglet clinical trial. Unpublished research. October 2004.
4. Playford RJ et al. Bovine colostrum is a health food supplement which prevents NSAID induced gut damage. Gut. 1999;44:653–658.
5. Playford RJ et al. Co-administration of the health food supplement, bovine colostrum, reduces the acute non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced increase in intestinal permeability.Clin Sci (London). 2001 Jun;100(6):627–633.
6. Playford RJ et al. Colostrum and milk-derived peptide growth factors for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;72:5–14.
7. Floren CH et al. ColoPlus, a new product based on bovine colostrum, alleviates HIV-associated diarrhea. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2006;41(6):682–686.
8. Keech AM. Peptide Immunotherapy: Colostrum: A Physician's Reference Guide. AKS Publishing; 2010.
9. Tramèr MR et al. Quantitative estimation of rare adverse events which follow a biological progression: a new model applied to chronic NSAID use. Pain. 2000 Mar; 85(1–2):169–182.
10. Peery AF et al. Burden of Gastrointestinal Disease in the United States: 2012 Update.Gastroenterol. 2012;143(5):1179–1187.
11. James JT. A new, evidence-based estimate of patient harms associated with hospital care. J Patient Safety. 2013;9(3):122–128.
12. Deadly infections: how good is your hospital at preventing them? Consumer Reports. June 2011. http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/2012/12/deadly-infections/index.htm. Retrieved February 10, 2014.
13. Casey JA et al. High-density livestock operations, crop field application of manure, and risk of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in Pennsylvania.JAMA Intern Med. 2013 Nov 25;173(21):1980–1990.
14. Kostich MS. Concentrations of prioritized pharmaceuticals in effluents from 50 large wastewater treatment plants in the US and implications for risk estimation. Environ Pollution. 2014 Jan;184:354–359.
15. Srinivasan A. Hunting the nightmare bacteria. PBS Frontline interview. June 28, 2013.
16. Frequently asked questions [Web page]. Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions Autoimmune Disease Research Center. http://autoimmune.pathology.jhmi.edu/faqs.cfm. Accessed January 30, 2014.
17. Szaniszlo P et al. New insights into clinical trial for Colostrinin in Alzheimer's disease. J Nutr Health Aging. 2009;13(3):235–241.
18. Liu Z et al. Tight junctions, leaky intestines, and pediatric diseases. Acta Paediatrica.2005;94(4):386–393.
19. Maes M, Leunis JC. Normalization of leaky gut in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is accompanied by a clinical improvement: effects of age, duration of illness and the translocation of LPS from gram-negative bacteria. Neurol Endocrinol Lett. 2008;29(6):902–910.
20. Katz KD et al. Intestinal permeability in patients with Crohn's disease and their healthy relatives. Gastroenterology. 1989 Oct;97(4):927–931.
21. Maes M et al. The gut-brain barrier in major depression: intestinal mucosal dysfunction with an increased translocation of LPS from gram negative enterobacteria (leaky gut) plays a role in the inflammatory pathophysiology of depression. Neurol Endocrinol Lett. 2008 Feb;29(1):117–124.
22. Vaarala O. The gut immune system and type 1 diabetes. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002 Apr;958:39–46.
23. Jackson PG et al. Intestinal permeability in patients with eczema and food allergy. Lancet.1981 June 13;1(8233):1285–1286.
24. Sharpstone D et al. Small intestinal transit, absorption, and permeability in patients with AIDS with and without diarrhoea. Gut. 1999 Jul;45(1):70–76.
25. Gecse K et al. Leaky gut in patients with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome and inactive ulcerative colitis. Digestion. 2012;85(1):40–46.
26. Smith MD et al. Abnormal bowel permeability in ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 1985 Apr;12(2):299–305.
27. Munkholm P et al. Intestinal permeability in patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis and their first degree relatives. Gut. 1994 Jan;35(1):68–72.
28. Hamilton I et al. Small intestinal permeability in dermatological disease. Q J Med.1985;56(221):559–567.
29. Kelly CP et al. Anti-Clostridium difficile bovine immunoglobulin concentrate inhibits cytotoxicity and enterotoxicity of C. difficile toxins. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1996;40:373–379.
30. Kim JW et al. Protective effects of bovine colostrum on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug induced intestinal damage in rats. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2005;14(1):103–107.
31. Henderson DR. Colostrum: Nature's Healing Miracle. CNR Publications; 2000.
32. Heinerman. Op cit.
33. Xu LB et al. Bovine immune colostrum against 17 strains of diarrhea bacteria and in vitro and in vivo effects of its specific IgG. Vaccine. 2006;24(12):2131–2140.
34. Van der Strate BW et al. Antiviral activities of lactoferrin. Antivir Res. 2001;52(3):225–239.
35. Acosta-Altamirano G et al. Anti-amoebic properties of human colostrum. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1987;216B:1347–1352.
36. Korhonen H et al. Bovine milk antibodies for health. Br J Nutr. 2000;84(Suppl.1):S135–S146.
37. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States, 2013. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/threat-report-2013.
38. Van Hooijdonk AC, Kussendrager KD, Steijns JM. In vivo antimicrobial and antiviral activity of components in bovine milk and colostrum involved in non-specific defence. Br J Nutr. 2000;84 Suppl 1:S127–S134.
39. Ellison RT III, Giehl TJ. Killing of gram-negative bacteria by lactoferrin and lysozyme. J Clin Invest. 1991;88(4):1080–1091.
40. McConnell MA et al. A comparison of IgG ad IgA activity in an early milk concentrate from non-immunized cows and a milk from hyperimmunized animals. Food Res Int. 2001;34:255–261.
41. Chrai SS et al. Liposomes (a review) part two: drug delivery systems. BioPharm. 2002 Jan:40–43. Drug targeting using liposomes as carriers holds promise for reducing toxicity and targeting delivery to disease sites.
42. Smith JM. Can genetically engineered foods explain the exploding gluten sensitivity? [online article]. Institute for Responsible Technology. http://responsibletechnology.org/glutenintroduction. Accessed February 10, 2014.
43. Mesnage R et al. Cytotoxicity on human cells of Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac Bt insecticidal toxins alone or with a glyphosate-based herbicide. Journal of Applied Toxicology. 2013;33 (7):695–699.
1. Foreman J. why women are living in the discomfort zone. Wall Street Journal. January 31, 2014.
2. Heinerman J. Fascinating colostrum: an ancient food for modern times [blog entry]. Center for Nutritional Research. http://www.icnr.org/blog/13-home-page/43-fascinating-colostrum-an-ancient-food-for-modern-times. Accessed January 31, 2014. (Editor note: Bad link July 2014)
3. Borissenko M. Malaysia colostrum piglet clinical trial. Unpublished research. October 2004.
4. Playford RJ et al. Bovine colostrum is a health food supplement which prevents NSAID induced gut damage. Gut. 1999;44:653–658.
5. Playford RJ et al. Co-administration of the health food supplement, bovine colostrum, reduces the acute non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced increase in intestinal permeability.Clin Sci (London). 2001 Jun;100(6):627–633.
6. Playford RJ et al. Colostrum and milk-derived peptide growth factors for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;72:5–14.
7. Floren CH et al. ColoPlus, a new product based on bovine colostrum, alleviates HIV-associated diarrhea. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2006;41(6):682–686.
8. Keech AM. Peptide Immunotherapy: Colostrum: A Physician's Reference Guide. AKS Publishing; 2010.
9. Tramèr MR et al. Quantitative estimation of rare adverse events which follow a biological progression: a new model applied to chronic NSAID use. Pain. 2000 Mar; 85(1–2):169–182.
10. Peery AF et al. Burden of Gastrointestinal Disease in the United States: 2012 Update.Gastroenterol. 2012;143(5):1179–1187.
11. James JT. A new, evidence-based estimate of patient harms associated with hospital care. J Patient Safety. 2013;9(3):122–128.
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